Evaluation of morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol poisoning during the years 2017 to 2019 in Ilam, Iran.

Background: Every year, drug poisoning is the most prevalent reason for referring patients to medical centers. This study aimed to evaluation of morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol poisoning in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam. Methods: In this In this Cross-sectional study, patient samples suspected of morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol poisoning referred to the toxicology laboratory of Ilam University of Medical Sciences were analyzed using the HPLC method, and the results were analysed using SPSS software. Results: Results showed that the percentage of drug use is greater in men than in women. The highest percentage of morphine and methadone poisonings were detected in those under the age of 40, whereas the highest percentage of digoxin poisonings were recorded in those over the age of 80. As a result, the average age of digoxin users was substantially greater in men than in women. Methadone consumers showed significantly greater blood levels than others. In addition, there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in blood levels between men and women who used morphine. Conclusion: In general, it is important to understand the status of drug poisoning with drugs such as morphine, methadone, digoxin, and dronabinol, as well as the prognosis associated with the treatment process of such poisoning.

WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of Morphine, Methadone, Digoxin, and Dronabinol Poisoning in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran

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Common and differential features of liver and pancreatic cancers: molecular mechanism approach.

AIM: The aim of this study was to introduce biomarkers commonly involved in pancreatic cancer metastasis to the liver. BACKGROUND: The liver is affected by metastatic disease in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Two cancer biomarkers were distinguished through a STRING database protein query. The dysregulated proteins of the two cancers were included in 2 networks drawn by Cytoscape software v 3.2.7. 20 top nodes and achieved by the Network analyzer application of Cytoscape based on degree value. The common hub nodes were determined, and action maps were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 20 hubs of each studied cancer, 18 common hub nodes (90% of hubs) were identified and screened by action maps. Four proteins, AKT1, CDKN2A, ERBB2, and IL6, were identified as common central proteins related to the two studied diseases. CONCLUSION: AKT1, CDKN2A, ERBB2, and IL6 are common protein core of liver and pancreatic cancers, while STAT3, CASP3, NOTCH1, and CTNNB1 are possible differential proteins to discriminate these cancers.

Assessment of common and differentially expressed proteins between diabetes mellitus and fatty liver disease: a network analysis.

AIM: This study aimed to introduce the main biomarkers related to NFLD and diabetes II to determine common pathogenic and metabolite factors linking NFLD to diabetes II. BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NFLD) is chronic hepatic failure with a broad range of hepatic disorders. NFLD and diabetes type 2 coexist regularly to drive adverse outcomes such as hepatocellular carcinoma and vascular complications. METHODS: The proteins related to NFDL and diabetes mellitus were extracted from String database. Proteins related to each disease were included in protein-protein interaction networks in Cytoscape software. Obtained networks were analyzed using Cytoscape network analyzer. The central nodes were determined as top hubs based on degree value. The top hubs related to NFLD and diabetes mellites were compared. RESULTS: In total, 200 proteins related to NFDL and diabetes mellitus were found separately in String database and connected through undirected edges in individual networks. Central nodes based on degree value were determined for each disease. Ten percent of top nodes were selected based on degree value as the 20 top hubs for each disease. Target common hub proteins between NFDL and diabetes mellitus comprised INS, AKT1, ALB, PPARG, IL6, GPDPH, LEP, TNF, ADIPOQ, IGF1, TP53, MAPK3, and SIRT1. CONCLUSION: According to the results, 13 common and 14 discriminatory central dysregulated proteins were determined for NAFLD and diabetes mellitus.

Listeriosis Phytotherapy: A Review Study on the Effectiveness of Iranian Medicinal Plants in Treatment of Listeriosis.

Listeria monocytogenes can be found in many processed foods, raw milk, dairy products, meat and meat products such as sausages, beef and fish products, seafoods, eggs, fruits, and vegetables such as radish and cabbage. This article is a review study on the Iranian medicinal plants applied for treatment of listeriosis. Information of this review article was obtained by searching various key words such as Listeria monocytogenes, medicinal plants, plant extracts and essential oils among scientific articles published in databases of Google scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, SID and Magiran. Thyme, German chamomile, great chamomile, yarrow, onion, oregano, nutmeg, sage, sagebrush, hyssop, rosemary, St John's wort, safflower, ajowan, cumin, peppermint, shallot, anise, and parsnip are known antilisteriosis medicinal plants. Bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidants and monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, coumarin, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids are the main ingredients of antilisteriosis medicinal plants.

Obesity Phytotherapy: Review of Native Herbs Used in Traditional Medicine for Obesity.

Obesity is an important disorders due to which 25 million deaths occur annually worldwide. Synthetic drugs for weight loss have low efficacy and high side effects. Apart from synthetic drugs in modern medicine, various other methods including the use of herbal medications are used to induce weight loss. Cambodia hoodia, green tea, Citrus aurantium, white beans, fenugreek, caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, yohimbine, chitosan, fitostreols, and guar gum have been studied in clinical trials and their effects have been confirmed. It seems necessary to study more to determine the effectiveness and safety of medicinal plants and herbal extracts as well as pharmaceutically active ingredients that may have the property of weight loss. In this article, we aimed to review recent knowledge about medicinal plants that are recommended for weight loss.

A Review Study on the Effect of Iranian Herbal Medicines on Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome.

Addiction is a chronic and recurring disease that recurrence phenomenon is the most important challenge in treatment of this disease. Recent experiences have shown that synthetic drugs have undesirable side effects. Recent studies on medicinal plants have shown that they might be effective in treatment of different stages of addiction with lower side effects and costs. The aim of this study was to review the effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of morphine addiction in experimental animals. In this review article, by using keywords of morphine, withdrawal, and plants or herbal medicine in databases of indexing cites, desired articles were obtained since 1994. Inclusion criteria for selecting articles were the articles related to application of medicinal plants in decreasing symptoms resulting from morphine withdrawal were selected. Results of this study on experimental studies have shown that medicinal plants such as Trachyspermum copticum L and Melissa officinalis decrease the symptoms of withdrawal syndrome in a dose-dependent. Also, medicinal plants like Avena sativa, Hypericum perforatu, Passiflora incarnate, Valeriana officinalis, Satureja hortensis L, and Mentha piperita can have effects on behavior, emotions, and other problems of addicts, decreasing withdrawal symptoms. Results of this study showed that medicinal plants can be effective in controlling deprivation, decreasing dependency creation, and possibly DETOXIFICATION: of opioid addicts.

Prevalence of Cannabis Lifetime Use in Iranian High School and College Students: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Regression.

Cannabis is the most widely used substance in the world. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cannabis lifetime use (CLU) in high school and college students of Iran and also to determine factors related to changes in prevalence. A systematic review of literature on cannabis use in Iran was conducted according to MOOSE guideline. Domestic scientific databases, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar, relevant reference lists, and relevant journals were searched up to April, 2014. Prevalences were calculated using the variance stabilizing double arcsine transformation and confidence intervals (CIs) estimated using the Wilson method. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q statistic and I(2) index and causes of heterogeneity were evaluated using meta-regression model. In electronic database search, 4,000 citations were retrieved, producing a total of 33 studies. CLU was reported with a random effects pooled prevalence of 4.0% (95% CI = 3.0% to 5.0%). In subgroups of high school and college students, prevalences were 5.0% (95% CI = 3.0% to -7.0%) and 2.0% (95% CI = 2.0% to -3.0%), respectively. Meta-regression model indicated that prevalence is higher in college students (ß = 0.089, p < .001), male gender (ß = 0.017, p < .001), and is lower in studies with sampling versus census studies (ß = -0.096, p < .001). This study reported that prevalence of CLU in Iranian students are lower than industrialized countries. In addition, gender, level of education, and methods of sampling are highly associated with changes in the prevalence of CLU across provinces.

Leishmaniosis phytotherapy：Review of plants used in Iranian traditional medicine on leishmaniasis

Many native plants in traditional medicine have been used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the recent clinical trials have proven the efficacy of some of them. Researches conducted on these plants have shown that garlic, shallots, wormwood, yarrow, walnuts, thyme, henna plant, mimosa, aloe, wood betony, medlar, periwinkle, yeah, savory, black beans, etc. are effective on cutaneous leishmania. Synthetic agents in Iranian market have some disadvantages such as high cost and side effects and are painful in injections. Given the effectiveness of these plants, they can be a source of natural and safe compounds for the treatment of Leishmania. Therefore, more clinical researches should be done to determine the effectiveness and safety of these medicinal plants, their active ingredients and their possible toxic substances which can lead to the production of effective and safe drugs for leishmaniasis. It also might be an effective way to prepare herbal ointment on wound healing.

Identiifcation of medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases in Urmia, northwest of Iran

Objective:To identify the medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases. Methods: Initially, we obtained a list of herbalists and traditional healers from Food and Drug Deputy. Direct observations and interviews as well as collection of herbarium specimens of indigenous medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases of urinary tract, reproductive, digestive, respiratory and skin systems were performed. This study was conducted through questionnaires and interviews; the questionnaires were distributed among traditional healers and simultaneous interviews were also run. The plants were herbariumized, herbarium specimens were authenticated, and their species were determined by using reliable flora and other sources. Finally, the data were input into Excel 2010 and analyses were performed. Results: Out of the studied plants, 35 native medicinal plants belonging to 17 families were effective in the treatment of various diseases and infections. In this study, the Lamiaceae family had the highest frequency of plants for the treatment of infections. Traditional healers of Urmia in 24% of cases used the leaves of medicinal herb to treat patients. In 68% of cases, they prescribed medicinal herbs in the boiled forms. Most medicinal herbs showed therapeutic effect on the digestive system. Conclusions: Traditional medicinal sources, valuable knowledge of traditional healers in Urmia, the scientific investigation of the effects of the herbs offered in this study and their effects in traditional medicine may provide a good source for new drugs in modern medicine.

The most common herbal medicines affecting Sarcomastigophora branches: a review study.

Parasitic diseases cause annual mortality of more than 200 thousand people. Currently many drugs are used to treat parasitic diseases; however, they are mostly expensive, toxic, with side effects and drug resistance. Medicinal plants have been shown to represent natural source of cheap drugs with low toxicity. In this review article, the most common and most effective herbal medicines on pathogenic protozoan Sarcomastigophora branches such as Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Amoeba, Trichomonas and Giardia were reviewed. The recently published papers about different drugs as well as herbal medicines as alternative for synthetic drugs were searched using scientific sites such as Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar. The used terms included: Medicinal plants, herbal medicine, protozoa, Trypanosoma, Sarcomastigophora branches, Leishmania, Amoeba, Trichomonas or Giardia.

A review on most important herbal and synthetic antihelmintic drugs.

Parasites and parasitic diseases are widely spread in the world. Their adverse effects on health and social-economic society cause tremendous public health problems. Parasitic infections in different ways (water, soil, food and vegetables) can affect humans and induce other complications such as gastrointestinal disorders, malnutrition, anemia and allergies and sometimes even life threatening. Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as a single drug or in combination with synthetic drugs. These medicinal plants are considered as a valuable source of unique natural products and drugs for development of medicines against various disorders and diseases. In this article the recently published papers about medicinal plants and parasites were reviewed, using scientific sites such as Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar. The used terms included: herbal medicine, medicinal plants, and antihelmintic drugs, antinematoda, anticestoda, antitrematoda. From the above collected literature it might be concluded that these plants are promising potential sources for preparation of new drugs or for pharmacological and therapeutic applications.

The effect of most important medicinal plants on two importnt psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression)-a review.

Anxiety and depression are highly comorbid psychiatric conditions that the prevalence will be increased to the second greatest risk of morbidity, causing a significant socioeconomic burden. Due to side effects and destructive effects of some chemical drugs, many patients prefer herbal medicines to treat diseases. Although there are key review papers in the area of medicinal plants and psychiatry disorders, they have either covered the area in a relatively cursory manner or focused on a specific plant medicine. In the present study, we tried to present the effect of most important medicinal plants on two important highly comorbid psychiatric conditions-anxiety and depression.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia, Northwest Iran.

OBJECTIVE: To collect and document information on anti-diabetic plants traditionally used in the treating of diabetes in Urmia at Northwest Iran because ethnomedicines are considered as valuable sources to find new potential drugs. METHODS: We used the method of direct observation and interview (35 traditional healers) along with gathering herbarium specimens mentioned plants in site. RESULTS: There were 30 medicinal plants from 17 families for the treatment of diabetes. The family with most plants was Lamiaceae (20%). Leaves (20%) are often used and its form is decoction (70%). It was also found that Citrullus colocynthis has the most frequency of use among traditional healers. CONCLUSIONS: Furthermore, base on current findings many of the mentioned plants have potential active ingredients to influence diabetes.

Traditional effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of respiratory diseases and disorders: an ethnobotanical study in the Urmia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify, present and review the respiratoty medicinal plants which used by Urmian herbalists. METHODS: The list of traditional healers of West Azarbaijan Province was prepared and data were obtained by direct observation, interviews and the questionnaires After that, herbarium samples were collected from the desired area and deposited in herbarium unit of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that 20 medicinal plants from 10 plant families are used to treat respiratory disorders. Also, the most plant part that used for treating of respiratory disorders was seed (27%) and the most traditional form prescribed by herbalists was boiled (54%). Forty three percentage of Urmia herbalists have used herbs for the treatment of cough. CONCLUSIONS: People in this area have a strong belief that plants have a positive impact in the treatment of respiratory disorders and they have used medicinal plants since ancient times to treat these disorders. Our study revealed the importance of herbal medicines and traditional medicine in this area as medicinal resource for drug discovery in future.

Identification of medicinal plants affecting on headaches and migraines in Lorestan Province, West of Iran.

OBJECTIVE: To identify medicinal plants witch are used for headaches and migraines treatment in Lorestan province of Iran. METHODS: Traditional medical herbs information was acquired from indigenous people with the cooperation of health centers of Doroud, Borujerd, Khorramabad, Aleshtar Poldokhtar, Aligoodarz, Nourabad and Kouhdasht cities. The prepared questionnaires were given to trained health volunteers. They attended in the villages and recorded people beliefs in herbal therapy by the questionnaires. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that people used 15 herbs traditionally to treat headaches. Because of the importance of the medicinal plants in the study area, it is neccessary to determine sociological studies the plenty of plant species. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the widespread use of traditional medicinal plants and high tendency to herbal medicine and traditional medicine, more extensive researches should be designed in several areas of pharmacy and pharmacology of medicinal plants to prepare proper information for pharmaceutical industries.

Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with common migraine headache.

INTRODUCTION: Migraine can cause headache in different communities so that 12-15% are suffering worldwide. Recently the relationship between infectious diseases such as Helicobacter pylori infection and migraine headache has been the focus of many studies. The current study was designed to evaluate IgG and IgM antibodies to H. pylori in patients suffering from migraine headaches. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients who had diagnostic criteria for migraine were chosen as cases compared to some healthy individuals as the control group amongst which immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), age, job, gastro-intestinal (GI) disorders, history of migraine, special meals, medications, sleeping disorders, stress, environmental factors etc were analysed. RESULTS: The prevalence of disease was 38.6%. Household women had the highest prevalence (40%). Among them menstruation was related to high prevalence of migraine. 75.6% of patients had gastrointestinal disorders of which the gastric reflux was the most important sign (47.1%). The mean optical density (OD) value of IgG and IgM antibody to H. pylori was 60.08 ±7.7 and 32.1 ±8.7 for the case group, 21.82 ±6.2 and 17.6 ±9.4 for the control group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in mean OD value of both antibodies to H. pylori amongst the case and control groups. As a result, active H. pylori infection is strongly related to the outbreak and severity of migraine headaches, and H. pylori treatment reduces migraine headaches significantly. Hopefully, the definite treatment and eradication of this infection can cure or reduce the severity and course of migraine headaches significantly if not totally.